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Electronic fetal monitoring
1818
was first time that a difference in fetal and maternal
pulse was noted by Francios Major.
1821
first time stethoscope used to hear FHR.
1893
Von Winkel described a normal fetal heart rate at 120-
169 beats per minute. First criteria published for
diagnosing fetal distress.
1968
First commercial development of electronic fetal
monitoring
1997
NICHD creates standard EFM definitions
2006
AWHONN & ACOG add to the new definitions and
language to educational offerings.
2008
NICHD has workshop with AWHONN and ACOG to create
standard categories (I, II, &III), interpretations, and
terminology.